India were set a target of 209 to win the first Test against England after bowling out the hosts for 303 in their second innings on Saturday's fourth day at Trent Bridge.
Home captain Joe Root made 109, his 21st Test century coming after he had also top-scored in England's meagre first innings 183 with 64.
Jasprit Bumrah led India's attack with 5-64 in 19, giving the paceman match figures of 9-110.
This first of a five-match series is the opening fixture of the new World Test Championship cycle.
India, who won 3-1 at home to Root's men earlier this year, are bidding for just their fourth series win in England to follow their victorious 1971, 1986 and 2007 campaigns.
England v India 1st Test scoreboard
Scoreboard at the close of England's second innings on the fourth day of the first Test against India at Trent Bridge on Saturday:
England 1st Innings 183 (J Root 64; J Bumrah 4-46, M Shami 3-28)
India 1st Innings 278 (KL Rahul 84, R Jadeja 56; O Robinson 5-85, J Anderson 4-54)
England 2nd Innings (overnight: 25-0)
R. Burns c Pant b Siraj 18
D. Sibley c Pant b Bumrah 28
Z. Crawley c Pant b Bumrah 6
J. Root c Pant b Bumrah 109
J. Bairstow c Jadeja b Siraj 30
D. Lawrence lbw b Thakur 25
J. Buttler b Thakur 17
S. Curran c Siraj b Bumrah 32
O. Robinson c Rahane b Shami 15
S. Broad b Bumrah 0
J. Anderson not out 0
Extras (b5, lb2, nb10, w6) 23
Total (all out, 85.5 overs, 399 mins) 303
Fall of wickets: 1-37 (Burns), 2-46 (Crawley), 3-135 (Sibley), 4-177 (Bairstow), 5-211 (Lawrence), 6-237 (Buttler), 7-274 (Root), 8-295 (Curran), 9-295 (Broad), 10-303 (Robinson)
Bowling: Bumrah 19-2-64-5 (1w, 7nb); Siraj 25-3-84-2 (1nb); Shami 15.5-1-72-1 (5w); Thakur 13-1-37-2 (1nb); Jadeja 13-3-39-0 (1nb)
India: Rohit Sharma, KL Rahul, Cheteshwar Pujara, Virat Kohli (capt), Ajinkya Rahane, Rishabh Pant (wkt), Ravindra Jadeja, Shardul Thakur, Jasprit Bumrah, Mohammed Shami, Mohammed Siraj
Match position: India set 209 to win