Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan and the United States shipped vast amounts of oil to Israel during its two-year Gaza offensive, according to a report by Oil Change International, which says the same fossil-fuel system driving climate change is also enabling "genocide."
Released at the UN climate summit in Brazil, the analysis titled "Behind the Barrel" found that 25 countries were responsible for 323 shipments of crude and refined petroleum products totalling 21.2 million tonnes between November 1, 2023, and October 1, 2025.
Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan were by far the largest suppliers of crude, accounting for 70 percent of shipments.
Russia, Greece and the United States were the top providers of refined petroleum products -- with the US standing out as the sole supplier of JP-8, a jet-fuel blend designed for military aircraft.
"States risk becoming complicit in genocide under international law, under the Genocide Convention," Shady Khalil of Oil Change International told reporters. "As world leaders convene at COP 30, 'Behind the Barrel' reveals the deadly links between fossil fuel suppliers and international conflict."
The group commissioned research firm Data Desk to conduct the analysis.
The conflict began in October 2023 when an attack by Islamist group Hamas killed 1,221 people in Israel, mostly civilians, according to an AFP tally based on official figures.
Israel's retaliatory campaign has since killed more than 69,000 Palestinians, according to Gaza's health ministry, whose data is deemed reliable by the United Nations.
Israel and Hamas agreed to a ceasefire in Gaza that has largely halted the war since October 10, though violent incidents continue to be reported, often with fatalities.
A UN Commission has concluded Israel has committed genocide in Gaza, and the International Court of Justice has ruled that Israel's continued presence in occupied Palestinian territory are unlawful.
Irene Pietropaoli, a senior fellow in business and human rights at the British Institute of International and Comparative Law, said in a statement that states were obliged to follow the ICJ's interim order directing them to "prevent and punish genocide."
"States must consider that their military or other assistance to Israel's military operations in Gaza may put them at risk of being complicit in genocide under the Genocide Convention," she said.
Asked by AFP whether it was important to differentiate between oil for civilian versus military use, Ana Sanchez Mera, coordinator for the Global Energy Embargo for Palestine who was part of a panel discussion on the topic, said "it is one system of settler colonial occupation."
She gave the example of Israel's electricity grid, which was partially powered by coal and connects both Israel and illegally occupied Palestinian lands.
In August 2024, Colombian President Gustavo Petro announced that the country had formally suspended coal exports to Israel.
While official data indicates Brazil last sent oil directly to Israel in March 2024, the head of the Rio de Janeiro Oil Workers Union has claimed Brazil may have rerouted shipments via Italy.
Trump's Gaza peace plan
The United States on Thursday called on the UN Security Council to unite and back its draft resolution aimed at bolstering President Donald Trump's peace plan for Gaza, warning that Palestinians could otherwise suffer "grave" consequences.
"Attempts to sow discord now -- when agreement on this resolution is under active negotiation -- has grave, tangible, and entirely avoidable consequences for Palestinians in Gaza," a spokesperson for the US mission to the UN said in a statement.
"The ceasefire is fragile and we urge the Council to unite and move forward to secure the peace that is desperately needed," the spokesperson said, calling it an "historic moment to pave a path towards enduring peace in the Middle East."
Last week, US officials launched negotiations within the Council on a draft that would follow up on a ceasefire in the two-year war between Israel and Hamas and endorse Trump's plan.
A third draft of the resolution seen Thursday by AFP "welcomes the establishment of the Board of Peace," a transitional governing body for Gaza -- that Trump would theoretically chair -- with a mandate running until the end of 2027.
It would authorize member states to form a "temporary International Stabilization Force (ISF)" that would work with Israel and Egypt and newly trained Palestinian police to help secure border areas and demilitarize the Gaza Strip.
The ISF also would work on the "permanent decommissioning of weapons from non-state armed groups," protecting civilians and securing humanitarian aid corridors.
Unlike previous drafts, the latest mentions a possible future Palestinian state.
Once the Palestinian Authority has carried out requested reforms and the rebuilding of Gaza is underway, "the conditions may finally be in place for a credible pathway to Palestinian self-determination and statehood," the draft says.
"The United States will establish a dialogue between Israel and the Palestinians to agree on a political horizon for peaceful and prosperous coexistence," it adds.
US Secretary of State Marco Rubio said Wednesday he was optimistic that the resolution would be adopted.
"I think we're making good progress on the language of the resolution and hopefully we'll have action on it very soon," he told reporters in Canada.
But while it seems that Council members support the creation of a Board of Peace in principle, diplomats told AFP that questions have been raised about the draft.
Those issues include the lack of any mention in the text of a mechanism for oversight from the Security Council, a future role for the Palestinian Authority and details about the ISF's mandate.