Israel's parliament approved a law early Wednesday restricting demonstrations as part of a coronavirus-related state of emergency, that critics say is aimed at silencing protests against Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu.

The law, which passed its final reading by 46 votes to 38, was meant to be part of a slew of measures approved by parliament last Friday tightening a second nationwide lockdown.

But debate on the measure was put off, as the government struggled to secure the necessary votes amid an opposition outcry and a protest outside parliament on Tuesday.

The lockdown, which went into force on September 18, shutters the majority of workplaces, markets, places of worship, schools and cultural venues.

It also bans journeys of more than a kilometre (0.6 miles) from home, other than for essential purposes such as buying food and medicine or receiving medical treatment. 

The new law gives the government powers to declare a "special emergency caused by the coronavirus pandemic" for renewable periods of one week.

During that time, the one-kilometre limit on travel will apply to demonstrations, and there will also be restrictions on numbers.

- 'Anger' -

The state of emergency can only be declared during a lockdown.

The government has yet to use those powers, but with 243,895 coronavirus infections and 1,552 deaths in a population of nine million, Israel currently has the world's highest weekly infection rate per capita.

The health ministry said late Wednesday that 212 patients were on artificial respirators, a record figure since the start of the pandemic in Israel.

Meir Cohen, of main opposition party Yesh Atid-Telem, condemned the new controls on demonstrations as a "slippery slope".

Yair Golan, of the leftwing Meretz party, warned that the new law "won't stop the demonstrations."

"The anger growing in the streets will find its way out," he said.

In recent months, weekly protests have been held outside Netanyahu's Jerusalem residence, demanding that he quit over his management of the pandemic and his ongoing trial on corruption charges.

Shortly after the measures were finalised, an opposition group, the Movement for Quality Government in Israel, filed a petition to the supreme court challenging the law's legality. 

"In the darkness of the night, members of the Knesset brought Israel a step closer to crushing democracy, but we won't let that happen," the movement said in a statement. 

"And don't let them say the law is crucial to save people from coronavirus," the statement added, pointing out that demonstrations in vehicles where people drive cars in convoy on the streets -- where risk of infection was minimal -- were prohibited as well.

"There are no health considerations in this legislation, rather a sweeping prohibition on demonstrating against a prime minister accused of bribery, fraud and a breach of trust," the movement said.

On Tuesday, Netanyahu said that this lockdown, originally set to end on October 10, would last "not less than a month, and maybe much more time than that."

At a cabinet meeting on Wednesday evening focused on the lockdown, Netanyahu said that lifting restrictions "will be slow" and that it could be "between six months and a year" until normal life resumes.